Mephitinae

Mephitinae is a subfamily within the family Mephitidae that encompasses the so-called true skunks. In many modern classifications, it includes the genera Mephitis (for example, striped and hooded skunks) and Spilogale (spotted skunks). Some systems place the hog-nosed skunks of the genus Conepatus in a separate subfamily, Conepatinae, within Mephitidae. The group is native to the Americas, with a range extending from southern Canada and the United States through Central America to parts of South America, occupying deserts, woodlands, grasslands, and urban areas.

Members of Mephitinae are medium-sized carnivorans with elongated bodies, short limbs, and relatively short tails. They are known for their prominent anal scent glands, which can spray a foul-smelling liquid as a defensive measure when threatened. Color patterns are highly variable but commonly feature bold black-and-white markings; striped patterns are typical of Mephitis, while Spilogale species exhibit irregular spots or patches.

Ecology and behavior are diverse within the subfamily. Skunks are generally nocturnal or crepuscular and omnivorous, feeding on insects, small vertebrates, fruits, and plant matter. They den in burrows, abandoned structures, or natural hollows and may be resident residents or itinerant depending on food availability and season. Reproduction is regionally varied: breeding often occurs in late winter or spring, with a gestation of about 60 to 70 days and litter sizes typically ranging from a few to several kits. Kits are born blind and depend on the mother for several weeks.

Conservation status varies by species and region. Most Mephitinae species are not globally threatened, but several have experienced declines due to habitat loss, fragmentation, and human-wildlife conflict. Skunks play a role in ecosystem control of insects and other small animals, and their distinctive spray remains a key characteristic of the subfamily.