Masken

Masken are coverings worn over the face for protection, concealment, or expression. They range from medical and industrial protective devices to decorative or theatrical objects, and can be disposable or reusable.

Medical and protective masks include surgical masks, respirators such as N95 or FFP2, and cloth masks. Surgical masks primarily protect others from the wearer’s droplets; respirators protect the wearer by filtering inhaled air. Cloth masks vary in filtration and fit based on fabric and construction. In non-medical contexts, masks include cosplay, fashion masks, and ceremonial or ritual masks.

Uses and meanings of masks vary by context. In health care, masks reduce transmission of infectious agents. In performing arts, masks convey character, mood, or identity. In ritual and festival settings, masks symbolize spirits, social roles, or community values, and may be worn during ceremonies, carnivals, and dances.

Historically, masks appear across cultures and eras. They figure in ancient and religious rites, Greek theatre, Japanese Noh, African and Oceanic art, and European carnival traditions such as Venice. The symbolic and aesthetic functions of masks persist in contemporary culture as well as in therapeutic and hygienic practices.

Materials, standards, and care: disposable masks are designed for single use; reusable masks require regular washing. Standards for respirators and medical masks include EN 149 (respirators), EN 14683 (surgical masks), and ASTM F2100; in the United States, NIOSH approvals apply to respirators. Proper fit, handling, and disposal are important to effectiveness.