Magnetstimulation

Magnetostimulation refers to techniques that use rapidly changing magnetic fields to influence neural activity. The most common form is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), in which a coil placed on the scalp delivers brief magnetic pulses to the brain. Peripheral magnetic stimulation targets nerves or muscles outside the skull and can aid in diagnosis or rehabilitation. Deep transcranial stimulation uses specialized coils designed to affect deeper brain regions.

The mechanism is based on Faraday’s law: the changing magnetic field induces electrical currents in neural tissue, altering neuronal excitability. Repeated stimulation can produce lasting changes in synaptic efficacy and cortical plasticity, depending on the pattern and intensity of the protocol. Common approaches include single-pulse TMS, paired-pulse paradigms, and repetitive TMS (rTMS). Patterned protocols such as theta-burst stimulation (TBS) have brief sessions with potentially longer effects. Coil designs vary, with figure‑of‑eight and circular coils used for focal stimulation and H-coils for broader, deeper reach.

Applications span research and clinical practice. In medicine, rTMS is approved in several countries for treatment of major depressive disorder and is explored for OCD, anxiety disorders, chronic pain, tinnitus, and rehabilitation after stroke or spinal injury. In research settings, magnetostimulation is used to map motor and cognitive functions and to study brain plasticity and connectivity.

Safety and limitations are important considerations. Magnetostimulation is generally well tolerated; common side effects include scalp discomfort and headaches. Rare but serious risks include seizures, particularly with high-frequency or poorly monitored use. Contraindications include non-removable metallic implants or implanted electronic devices in the head, certain skull defects, and specific medical conditions. Availability, cost, and variability in response limit widespread adoption for some indications.