LPV

LPV, Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance, is an instrument approach procedure used in aviation that provides precise lateral and vertical guidance to aircraft using global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals augmented by a satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS). LPV approaches emulate the guidance characteristics of a traditional instrument landing system, but without ground-based localizer or glide slope equipment.

LPV relies on SBAS such as WAAS in the United States or EGNOS in Europe to improve the accuracy, integrity, and availability of GNSS corrections. The SBAS corrections allow the approach path to be defined with tight lateral limits and a published vertical profile, enabling descent to a decision altitude at or near runway threshold.

Regulatory status and minima: In ICAO terminology, LPV is classified as an APV, or approach with vertical guidance, rather than a true precision approach. Nevertheless, LPV minimums are often comparable to ILS Category I, with published minima on each approach plate; actual values depend on obstacle clearance, runway environment, and weather minima.

Operational use and coverage: LPV procedures are widely deployed in regions with SBAS coverage, notably the United States and Europe, and are published for many airports, including smaller or non-ILS-equipped fields. They increase access in limited visibility and improve flight planning options, while reducing the need for ground-based navigational aids.

Limitations: LPV is dependent on SBAS service quality and GNSS reception. Service outages, ionospheric disturbances, or limited SBAS coverage can degrade performance. Equipment must be SBAS-capable and certified, and some jurisdictions restrict the use of LPV to certain airspace or weather minima.