Ketundukan

Ketundukan is a noun in Indonesian that denotes the state or act of submission, obedience, or subordination to a person, rule, or principle. It can refer to a personal attitude of yielding, as well as a social arrangement in which power or authority is recognized and respected.

Etymology and form: Ketundukan derives from tunduk, meaning to bow or to submit, with the nominal prefix ke- that marks a state or condition. In linguistic terms, ketundukan is a nominalization expressing a state rather than an action, and it is commonly found in formal or academic writing.

Usage and contexts: The term appears in discussions of politics, law, religion, and social behavior to describe how individuals or groups relate to authority, tradition, or norms. It can carry neutral connotations of duty and respect, but it may also imply coercion or limited autonomy depending on context. Example: ketundukan terhadap hukum negara; ketundukan kepada Tuhan.

Related terms and notes: Related concepts include tunduk (to bow or submit), ketaatan (obedience), kepatuhan (compliance), and subordinasi. In Indonesian, ketundukan often coexists with discussions of power, hierarchy, and consent, and its nuance can vary by discourse and register.