Isospora

Isospora is a genus of coccidian parasites that can infect humans and animals. The most significant species for human health is Isospora belli, which causes isosporiasis or coccidiosis. These parasites are prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. Isospora species are characterized by ellipsoidal oocysts containing two sporocysts, each with four sporozoites, the infective form. The life cycle includes both sexual and asexual reproduction in the small intestine of the host.

Infection occurs when humans ingest food or water contaminated with mature oocysts. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS, may experience severe symptoms. Diagnosis is made by identifying oocysts in stool samples.

Treatment typically involves antidiarrheal medications and rehydration. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the drug of choice for combating the infection. Prevention focuses on good hygiene practices, safe drinking water, and proper food handling to avoid contamination. While isosporiasis is usually self-limiting in healthy individuals, prompt treatment is crucial for those with weakened immune systems to prevent complications.