Elapids

Elapids, or the Elapidae, are a large and diverse family of venomous snakes within the superfamily Colubroidea. The group includes more than 60 genera and around 350 described species, among them cobras (Naja) and the king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), kraits (Bungarus), mambas (Dendroaspis), coral snakes (Micrurus and allied genera), and sea snakes (Hydrophis and related genera).

Elapids are characterized by proteroglyphous fangs—short, fixed front fangs that are permanently erect. They typically have neurotoxic venom, though venom composition varies across genera and some lineages possess additional cytotoxic components. Most elapids are slender-bodied, with relatively small heads distinct from the neck.

Distribution is global in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Australia. Sea snakes inhabit warm coastal waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans and are highly adapted to marine life, often with paddle-like tails. Terrestrial elapids occupy a wide range of habitats, from forests to grasslands.

Diet varies by genus but commonly includes small vertebrates such as rodents, lizards, and birds; sea snakes primarily prey on fish and eels. Reproduction also varies: most terrestrial elapids are oviparous (egg-laying), while many sea snakes are viviparous or ovoviviparous, giving birth to live young.

Interactions with humans are medically significant due to the potency of elapid venom. Bites require prompt medical treatment; effective antivenoms exist for many species, though access can be uneven by region. Conservation statuses among elapids range from common to threatened, influenced by habitat loss, climate change, bycatch, and collection for the pet trade.