Dglukozë

D-Glucose, also known as dextrose, is an aldohexose and the D enantiomer of glucose. It is a simple sugar that serves as a major energy source for many organisms. In living systems it occurs freely in solution and is a principal component of blood glucose.

Structure and stereochemistry: It has six carbon atoms (C6H12O6) and can exist in linear and cyclic forms. In water it cyclizes to alpha- and beta-D-glucose through mutarotation. The D enantiomer is dextrorotatory and differs from the L enantiomer in the arrangement of several chiral centers.

Occurrence and production: D-Glucose is abundant in ripe fruits, honey, and plant sap. Industrially, it is produced commercially by the hydrolysis of starch or by enzymatic conversion of glucose from starch-derived syrups.

Biological role: In cells, glucose undergoes glycolysis to produce pyruvate, ATP, and NADH. It is transported into cells via glucose transporters and is regulated by hormones such as insulin and glucagon. The liver, muscles, and adipose tissue store excess glucose as glycogen.

Uses and applications: D-Glucose is used medically as an intravenous dextrose solution to restore blood sugar and as a calorie source in nutrition. In the food industry it serves as a sweetener, fermentation substrate, and humectant, and it is a common starting material for biochemical syntheses.

See also: Glucose; monosaccharide; D- and L-enantiomers.