Crotophaga

Crotophaga is a genus of birds in the cuckoo family (Cuculidae), commonly known as anis. They inhabit tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, from the southern United States to Argentina and including the Caribbean. The group is characterized by medium-sized, mostly black birds with a glossy plumage and relatively long tails. The best-known species are the smooth-billed ani (Crotophaga ani) and the groove-billed ani (Crotophaga sulcirostris); some taxonomic authorities recognize additional species such as the greater ani (Crotophaga major), while others treat these forms as subspecies within C. ani.

Behavior and ecology: Anis are highly social and often occur in large groups or colonies. They forage in open areas, on the ground and in low vegetation, feeding on insects, other invertebrates, and sometimes fruit and seeds. A notable aspect of their biology is cooperative breeding, in which multiple adults assist in incubating eggs and feeding the young within a shared territory. Nests are typically built in trees or dense vegetation, and eggs are usually pale or bluish. Incubation and chick-rearing involve more than just the parents, and fledging takes place after several weeks.

Taxonomy and classification: Crotophaga belongs to the order Cuculiformes and the family Cuculidae, within the subfamily Crotophaginae. The genus comprises several New World cuckoos known for their ground-foraging habits and social nesting behavior. The exact number of species varies by taxonomic authority due to differences in species concepts and regional forms.

Conservation: Overall, anis are not considered globally endangered, though habitat loss and local environmental changes can impact certain populations.