CZS

CZS stands for Congenital Zika Syndrome, a congenital condition linked to fetal exposure to Zika virus during pregnancy. The syndrome results from maternal infection, most often via Aedes mosquitoes, though sexual transmission can occur. The risk is greatest during the first trimester and in pregnancies affected by Zika during early development.

Common features include severe microcephaly and brain abnormalities such as calcifications, ventriculomegaly, and cortical malformations. Additional problems may include limb contractures, hypertonia, feeding difficulties, vision and hearing impairment, and developmental delays. The clinical spectrum ranges from severe to milder forms.

Vertical transmission occurs when the virus crosses the placenta. Postnatal infection does not produce congenital defects.

Diagnosis combines maternal history, virological tests, and imaging. RT-PCR detects viral RNA in serum or urine early in infection; serology can indicate exposure but may cross-react with other flaviviruses. Brain imaging often reveals microcephaly, calcifications at the gray–white matter junction, ventriculomegaly, and cortical malformations; eye abnormalities are common.

There is no cure; care is supportive and multidisciplinary. Interventions may include feeding support, seizure management, physical and occupational therapy, and ongoing developmental monitoring. Vision and hearing assessments are important.

The syndrome drew international attention after outbreaks in 2015–2016, particularly Brazil. Many pregnancies exposed to Zika do not result in CZS. Prevention centers on mosquito control, avoiding bites in pregnancy, and protective sexual practices; vaccine development is ongoing.