CRISPRgenredigering

CRISPRgenredigering, or CRISPR gene editing, refers to a family of techniques that enable targeted modification of DNA in living cells using CRISPR-associated systems. The most widely used approach relies on the Cas9 nuclease guided by a short RNA sequence to cut DNA at a chosen genomic site. After a break is made, cells repair the DNA through non-homologous end joining, often creating small mutations, or through homology-directed repair when a template is provided, allowing precise sequence changes or insertions.

Beyond Cas9, other CRISPR-associated nucleases such as Cas12a (Cpf1) expand targeting options and can function under different cellular contexts. In addition, tools like base editors and prime editors enable specific nucleotide substitutions or more complex edits without introducing double-strand breaks. CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) use catalytically dead nucleases to repress or enhance gene expression, enabling gene regulation studies without altering the DNA sequence.

Applications span basic research, functional genomics, and therapeutic development. In medicine, CRISPR-based approaches aim to treat genetic diseases, create engineered cells for therapy, and model diseases. In agriculture, gene editing can improve crop traits and animal health. Delivery methods, efficiency, and off-target effects remain important technical considerations, and ethical and regulatory questions, especially regarding germline editing, influence governance and public dialogue.

CRISPR gene editing emerged in the early 2010s, with foundational work by researchers who demonstrated programmable DNA targeting in bacteria and subsequently in eukaryotic cells. The field continues to evolve with new editors, delivery strategies, and applications.