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18581917

1858–1917 is a historical interval used to describe the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It encompasses rapid industrialization, urbanization, and the expansion of global trade and empire, alongside significant political reform and social change.

During this period, reforms in Russia moved from serf emancipation in 1861 to the political upheavals of

Technological and scientific advances, including the Second Industrial Revolution, the expansion of railways and telegraph networks,

World War I, which began in 1914, reconfigured international relations and contributed to political upheaval that

1905
and
the
revolutions
of
1917,
while
Japan
underwent
the
Meiji
Restoration
beginning
in
1868
and
built
a
modern
state
and
military.
In
Europe,
powers
pursued
imperial
expansion,
culminating
in
the
Scramble
for
Africa
after
the
Berlin
Conference
of
1884–85,
with
similar
imperial
activities
in
Asia
and
the
Pacific.
The
broader
world
experienced
shifts
in
governance,
nationalism,
and
social
movements,
including
labor
organization
and
reforms
in
various
states.
and
the
emergence
of
modern
physics
with
Einstein’s
theory
of
relativity
in
1905,
transformed
economies,
warfare,
and
everyday
life.
Culturally,
journalism,
education,
and
mass
entertainment
expanded,
shaping
public
opinion
and
national
identities.
culminated
in
the
Russian
Revolution
of
1917,
the
dissolution
of
empires,
and
the
redrawing
of
borders.
The
interval
thus
marks
a
transition
from
19th‑century
patterns
of
statecraft
and
industry
to
the
upheavals
and
reorganizations
that
defined
the
postwar
era.